January is Thyroid Awareness Month, a time to learn about thyroid health overall, including thyroid cancer, making it an ideal time to learn about the signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer and the importance of speaking with your doctor if something doesn’t feel right.
The thyroid is a small gland in the front of the neck that helps regulate metabolism, energy, and other important functions. Thyroid cancer occurs when cells in the thyroid begin to grow uncontrollably. Fortunately, most types of thyroid cancer are highly treatable, especially when found early.
Know the Signs of Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages, but as it grows, some people may notice changes in their neck or voice. Symptoms can include:
- A lump or nodule that can be felt in the neck
- Hoarseness or changes in your voice
- Difficulty swallowing
- Pain or discomfort in the neck or throat
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to talk to your provider, even if you feel otherwise healthy. Many thyroid nodules are benign, but it’s best to have them evaluated by a professional.
Risk Factors
While thyroid cancer can affect anyone, certain factors may increase your risk:
- Family history of thyroid cancer or genetic conditions such as MEN2 or familial medullary thyroid cancer
- Being assigned female at birth (thyroid cancer is more common in women)
- Exposure to high levels of radiation, especially during childhood
- History of thyroid disease or goiter
- Age (most cases occur in people between 30 and 60)
According to the American Cancer Society, about 44,000 new cases of thyroid cancer are expected in the United States in 2024. It is one of the most common cancers in younger adults, especially women under 40.
When to Talk to Your Doctor
If you have symptoms or a strong family history of thyroid conditions, your provider may recommend:
- A physical exam of the neck
- Thyroid function blood tests
- Imaging tests such as an ultrasound
- A fine needle aspiration biopsy to check for cancer cells
The earlier a thyroid abnormality is identified, the easier it is to determine if further care is needed. Your primary care provider may refer you to an endocrinologist or oncologist depending on your results.
Treatment Options
Thyroid cancer treatment is highly individualized. It may include:
- Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid (thyroidectomy)
- Radioactive iodine to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery
- Hormone therapy to replace thyroid hormones if the thyroid is removed
- External radiation therapy or chemotherapy in rare, more aggressive cases
- Targeted therapies for advanced or recurring thyroid cancers
Most thyroid cancers are found early and have excellent outcomes with the right care. If you or someone you love is diagnosed, you do not have to face it alone. Our oncology team is here to guide you through next steps with clarity and compassion.
Carolina Oncology Specialists Is Here for You
If you have questions or concerns about thyroid cancer, reach out to your provider or ask for a referral to our care team. Early detection and the right support can make all the difference.
published: Jan. 5, 2026, 5:07 p.m.